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Funded Project |
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Funding Program:
IPM Enhancement Grants |
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Project Title:
Development and Management of Frogeye Leaf Spot and Fungicide Resistance in Soybean in the Mid-South |
Project Directors (PDs):
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Lead State: TN Lead Organization: The University of Tennessee |
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Cooperating State(s):
Arkansas |
| Undesignated Funding: $30,000 |
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Start Date: Mar-01-2015 End Date: Feb-29-2016 |
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No-Cost Extension Date: Feb-28-2017 |
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Summary:
Plant pathogens have the potential of being the most limiting factor in agriculture. To manage plant pathogens an array of tools are used including cultural practices, varietal resistance, and application of fungicides. Loss of any one of these tools will increase the reliance on the others, which in turn they will more readily lose efficacy with the increased dependency on them. Fungicides are one of the essential tools for managing important plant diseases in agriculture, but the development of fungicide resistance pathogens in soybean alone could cause significant losses to U.S. farmers. Ineffective fungicide applications cost $330 to $500M annually, and lost yields due to disease cost an estimated $5B annually (estimates based on National Agricultural Statistics Service Information). Resistance to fungicides in plant pathogen populations is one of the most significant problems confronting North American agriculture in the area of chemical disease management (Delp 1988). In 2010 the first account in the U.S. of fungicide resistant strains of Cercospora sojina, the causal agent of frogeye leaf spot in soybean, was reported in west Tennessee (Zhang et al. 2012). Since then strains of Strobilurin or QoI fungicide resistant C. sojina have been reported in 10 states and over 106 counties, and it is highly likely that other pathogens in soybean and other production systems are at high risk of developing fungicide resistance. Initial review groups of farmers and crop consultants indicated they would be willing to adopt practices to reduce the risk of fungicide development as long as there was not a negative effect on their overall yield, but felt they lacked the knowledge of what practices would reduce their risk. There is a critical need to determine the biological and economic impact of fungicide resistant pathogens in soybean production, identify best management strategies to reduce and control development of fungicide resistance in agriculture, and provide education programs to agricultural stakeholders on the best practices to avoid fungicide resistance. In the absence of such knowledge, fungicide resistant pathogens will continue to threaten the security of U.S. soybean production. The successful completion of this project will provide foundational data to build a strong conceptual evidence-based framework for determining the risk factors associated with fungicide resistance in C. sojina in soybean, as well as how to utilize those factors to predict and prevent the development of fungicide resistant pathogens in agricultural production systems. Prevention of resistance, and the reduction of ineffective fungicide use, is expected to save producers significant costs, both in production and through prevention of crop loss and enhance the sustainability of U.S. soybean production.
Objectives: 1. Identify and collect data on major risk factors that influence development of frogeye leaf spot and fungicide resistance in C. sojina in soybean production systems. a. Evaluate commercially available varieties, with and without fungicide on research stations and inoculated greenhouse trials for FLS and fungicide resistance development b. Investigate fungicide efficacy and tillage on FLS and fungicide resistance development in C. sojina populations c. Utilize soybean sentinel plots to detect and monitor FLS and fungicide resistance as well as corresponding weather data to better understand the epidemiology of FLS d. Conduct controlled greenhouse and laboratory competition studies on fungicide resistant and sensitive C. sojina isolates i. Long-term outcome(s): Develop research and extension programs designed to identify and manage key risk factors that influence disease development and fungicide resistance in other pathogen systems in field crops that will increase adoption of IPM practices for management of diseases and fungicide resistance and in turn increase U.S. agriculture sustainability ii. Medium-term outcome(s): Develop and distribute Pest Management Strategic Plan and economic impact of managing fungicide resistance C. sojina in soybean production to educate agricultural stakeholders and increase IPM utilization iii. Short-term outcome(s): Obtain information on specific potential risk factors such as variety, fungicide, tillage, weather, and population proportion (fungicide resistant to sensitive proportion) on FLS and fungicide resistance development 2. Conduct extension related activities including a stakeholder review panel, soybean scout schools in farmers fields, disease field days at research and education centers, and extension production meetings. i. Long-term outcome(s): Increased durability of fungicide efficacy and utilization of IPM practices for disease control and fungicide resistance in field crops, which will improve profitability of U.S. farmers ii. Medium-term outcome(s): Increase understanding and awareness of fungicide resistance among farmers, crop consultants, county agents, industry representatives, and retailers/Co-Ops and their use of multiple disease management strategies iii. Short-term outcome(s): Identify and distribute information on effective tools to manage FLS disease and fungicide resistance development |
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Final Report: |
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Outputs * Activities conducted included research plots (over 100 commercial varieties tested in RCBD), disease field day, soybean scout schools, in-service trainings for agricultural extension agents, and presentations at annual American Phytopathological Society meeting totaling around 1,000 contacts including farmers, consultants, county agents, scientists, and other agricultural personnel. * Publications that resulted from this project include multiple newsletter/blog articles, online extension information, a chapter in a MS student thesis as well as a 2 journal articles that are in preparation. * The project was publicized by blog articles posted in June and August to advertise soybean scout schools and disease field day, respectively. Farmers, consultants, county agents, and other agricultural personnel were target audience. http://news.utcrops.com/ This site as well as http://utcrops.com/ were used to post results from variety/fungicide research trial. * Additional funding secured using this project’s results/outputs include a proportion of TN soybean promotion board funding, Soybean Pathology - Foliar Disease Monitoring and Management, Jan 2016, $140,000, for 1 year * Additional funding that is being sought using some of this project’s results/outputs include USDA NIFA CPPM ARDP, Use of spore traps and molecular tools to develop fungicide application decision model, application not complete, $325,000 |
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Outcomes * Baseline measurement was conducted - farmers and consultants were surveyed about their understanding of frogeye leaf spot, management practices for it, fungicide resistance, and fungicide use practices. * Learning outcomes from presentations included: - At Middle TN Grain Conference (1/28/2016) 147 farmers attended, representing twenty-two (22) predominantly Middle and East TN Counties. 103 survey participants (consisting of full-time and part-time farmers, agricultural suppliers, agricultural educators, farm laborers, and others) reported the following (from a paper-based survey given after the conference): 65% (67 participants) gained new knowledge or practices they intend to utilize during the 2016 crop season; 82.5% (85 participants) completed evaluation on the overall quality and relevance of the conference and specific topics based on a scale of 1 – 10, with 10 being the best, rated: Disease & Fungicide Management for Soybean – rated an average 8.67; Based on the full and part-time farmers’ report of their acreage, it is estimated the conference impacted, 37,574 acres of corn, 11,710 acres wheat, and 42,021 acres of soybeans - At West TN County Agent In-service Row Crop training (12/2/2015) 33 participants completed online survey after training and reported the following: 100% (33 survey participants) said the training provided information they needed for their job; 100% (33 survey participants) completed evaluation on the overall quality and relevance of the conference and specific topics based on a scale of 1 – 10, with 10 being the best, rated: Overall In-service rated an average of 8.8, Disease Updates an average 8.5; 97% (32 survey participants) use the handout materials or presentation information provided at the meeting; 84.8% (28 survey participants) do or would use copies of the PowerPoint presentations used in the training - At Middle TN County In-service, Evaluation of Disease Training (12/3/2015) Conducted within the presentation/training using the ‘turning point software’ and remote clickers for each participant to answer multiple choice questions to evaluate knowledge before and after training (total of 18 participants, although not all 18 answered every question): Correctly identifying from a list, how many wheat diseases were listed: Before training – 25% (4 out of 16 participants) After training – 100% (16 out of 16 participants) Knowing the best growth stage in wheat for fungicide application: Before training – 87.5% (14 out of 16 participants) After training – 100% (16 out of 16 participants) Correctly identifying from a list, how many corn diseases were listed: Before training – 33.3% (6 out of 18 participants) After training – 100% (18 out of 18 participants) Knowing the best growth stage in corn for fungicide application: Before training – 77.8% (14 out of 18 participants) After training – 94.4% (17 out of 18 participants) Correctly identifying from a list, how many soybean diseases were listed: Before training – 27.8% (5 out of 18 participants) After training – 100% (15 out of 15 participants) Correctly identifying from a list, how many sorghum diseases were listed: Before training – 11.8% (2 out of 17 participants) After training – 94.1% (16 out of 17 participants) |
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